These industries played a fundamental part in creating wealth both regionally and nationally. The population increased from 12,000 in 1801 to 75,000 by the 1860s, bolstered by economic migration from Ireland, Scotland and other parts of England. In the 19th century, coal mining, alkaline production and glass making led to a boom in the town. These raids were done to aid their ongoing siege of the heavily fortified Newcastle upon Tyne, and in a bid to control the River Tyne, and the North, and the Shields siege helped cause their battalions to maneuver south to York this may have also led to a brief winter skirmish on the outskirts of Boldon, though the topography is not favourable for a battle. In 1644 Parliament's Scottish Covenanter allies, in a lengthy battle, seized the town and its Royalist fortification, the fortification was close to the site of the original Roman fort. At the outbreak of the war in 1642, the North, West and Ireland supported the King the South East and Presbyterian Scotland supported Parliament. In 1864, a Tyne Commissioners dredger brought up a nine-pounder breech-loading cannon more cannonballs have been found in the sands beside the Lawe these artifacts belonged to the English civil war. Another industry that was introduced, was that of salt-panning, later expanded upon in the 15th century, polluting the air and surrounding land. The name South Shields developed from the 'Schele' or 'Shield', which was a small dwelling used by fishermen. The current town was founded in 1245 and developed as a fishing port. Other Viking ships were uncovered in South Shields Denmark Centre and nearby Jarrow. It is said in local folklore that a Viking ship was wrecked at Herd Sands in South Shields in its attempts to disembark at a cove nearby. In the 9th century, Scandinavian peoples made Viking raids on monasteries and settlements all along the coast, and later conquered the Anglian Kingdoms of Northumbria, Mercia and East Anglia, who hailed from Angelnen in Denmark (modern day Germany). South Shields Town Hall, built at a time of industrial self-confidence Furthermore, Bede records Oswin giving a parcel of land to St Hilda for the foundation of a monastery here in c.647 the present-day church of St Hilda, by the Market Place, is said to stand on the monastic site. It is believed it became a royal residence of King Osric of Deira records show that his son Oswin was born within ' Caer Urfa', by which name the fort is thought to be known after the Romans left. There is evidence that the site was used in the early post-Roman period as a British settlement. Many ruins still exist today and some structures have been rebuilt as part of a modern museum and popular tourist attraction. The fort was abandoned as the Roman Empire declined in the 4th century AD. Divisions living at the fort included Tigris bargemen (from Persia and modern day Iraq), infantry from Iberia and Gaul, and Syrian archers and spearmen.
The Roman garrison built a fort here around AD 160 and expanded it around AD 208 to help supply their soldiers along Hadrian's Wall as they campaigned north beyond the Antonine Wall. Stone Age arrow heads and an Iron Age round house have been discovered on the site of Arbeia Roman Fort. The first evidence of a settlement within what is now the town of South Shields dates from pre-historic times.
Arbeia Roman Fort: ruins and reconstruction
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